Hu Jintao, Mohamed Mursi: Freedom of Thought

For your better information, the guy to the left is Mohamed Mursi, Egypt’s new president. The guy to the right is Hu Jintao, China’s old chairman. Mursi was (or maybe still is) in Beijing to consolidate Egyptian-Chinese strategic relations.

But what do they think of each other?

“……….”

Beijing Cream offers some ideas.

JR’s idea, too  -

Mursi: Our culture is older than yours, infidel.

Hu: Trip me up again, will you? I’ve dealt with people like you before, and their so-called spiritual leader‘s glasses were no smaller than yours.

Zhou Yongkang Awards Heroic Police Collectives and Expresses Four Hopes

Main Link: People’s Daily / Enorth, May 19, 2012. Translated off the reel, and posted right away.

The General Meeting for the National Police Collective Heroic Model Award was held in Beijing’s Great Hall of the People on Friday. Before the meeting, CCP Central Committee General Secretary, State Chairman and Central Military Commission Chairman Hu Jintao expressed his heart-felt congratulations to the National Police Collective Heroic Model Award collectives and his sincere greetings to all the police and military police who stand at the front line and fight bravely to protect national security and social stability.
全国公安系统英雄模范立功集体表彰大会18日上午在北京人民大会堂举行。会前，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席胡锦涛亲切会见全体与会代表，向受到表彰的全国公安系统英雄模范和立功集体表示热烈的祝贺，向奋战在维护国家安全和社会稳定第一线的广大公安民警、武警官兵表示诚挚的问候。

Permanent Politbureau member and State Council Chief Councillor Wen Jiabao, Permanent Member of the Standing Committee of the Politbureau, Deputy State Chairman and Deputy Central Military Commission Chairman Xi Jinping attended. Permanent Politbureau Member and CCP Political and Legislative Affairs Committee Secretary Zhou Yongkang attended the meeting and spoke at the award ceremony.
中共中央政治局常委、国务院总理温家宝，中共中央政治局常委、国家副主席、中央军委副主席习近平参加会见。中共中央政治局常委、中央政法委书记周永康参加会见并在表彰大会上讲话。

At about 9.30 a.m., Hu Jintao and the other central leading comrades entered the Great Hall of the People’s North Hall, came to the middle of the delegates, the entire audience sounded an enthusiastic applause. Hu Jintao et al happily and warmly shook hands with delegates, and had a keepsake photo taken with them.
上午9时30分许，胡锦涛等中央领导同志走进人民大会堂北大厅，来到代表们中间，全场响起热烈掌声。胡锦涛等高兴地同代表们热情握手，并与大家合影留念。

A souvenir photo with Comrade Yongkang (CCTV 新闻联播, main evening news, May 18, 2012). Click picture – video should be online for at least a few days.

Zhou Yongkang said in his speech that under the correct leadership of Hu Jintao as Secretary General, police work had centered around the goal of comprehensively building of a modest-prosperity society, firmly mastering and protecting the general requirements of important times of strategic opportunities. They solidified the leading ruling position of the party, protected the country’s lasting stability and peace, safeguarded the lives and work of the people in peace and contentment, and  served economic and social development, thus making outstanding contributions. A large number of heroic models and advanced collectives had emerged, who completed major security tasks, took part in natural disaster relief, carried out specialized actions, and broad ranks of police didn’t shrink from life-and-death situations, never gave up in the face of numerous difficulties and dangers, and dedicated blood, life, and sweat to write a great song of heroism that shook heaven and earth (感天动地).
周永康在大会上讲话，他说，党的十七大以来，在以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央正确领导下，全国公安机关紧紧围绕全面建设小康社会的总目标，牢牢把握维护重要战略机遇期社会稳定的总要求，为巩固党的执政地位、维护国家长治久安、保障人民安居乐业、服务经济社会发展作出了突出贡献。特别是在完成一系列重大安保任务、处置一系列重大突发事件、参与一系列重特大自然灾害抢险救援、开展一系列专项打击整治行动中，广大公安民警生死面前不退缩，千难万险不放弃，用鲜血、生命和汗水谱写了一曲曲感天动地的英雄赞歌，涌现出一大批英雄模范和先进集体。实践证明，公安队伍是一支忠诚可靠、能打硬仗的队伍，是一支正气浩荡、英雄辈出的队伍，不愧为坚强的共和国之盾。

Zhou Yongkang emphasized that this year is especially meaningful for our country’s development in that our Party will hold its 18th National Congress. Creating a harmonious and stable environment for this a victorious event was the public security organs’ primary task. Public security organs on all levels needed to clearly understand the complicated nature of the current international and domestic situation and the particular importance of maintaining stability this year, and with the meeting with Secretary General Hu Jintao and other central comrade-leaders as a collectively motivating force, they should improve their abilities to combat crime, to serve the people, and to protect national security and social stability. To accelerate the building of a country under socialist rule by law, to actively build a socialist and harmonious society, and to ensure the timely and comprehensive building of a modest-prosperity society, new contributions needed to be made.
周永康强调，今年是我国发展进程中具有特殊重要意义的一年，我们党将召开十八大。为十八大胜利召开创造和谐稳定的社会环境，是公安机关的首要政治任务。各级公安机关和广大公安民警要清醒认识当前国际国内形势的复杂性，清醒认识做好今年维护稳定工作的特殊重要性，以胡锦涛总书记等中央领导同志接见公安英模和立功集体为动力，进一步提高打击犯罪、服务人民、维护国家安全和社会稳定的能力水平，为加快建设社会主义法治国家、积极构建社会主义和谐社会、确保如期全面建成小康社会作出新贡献。

Zhou Yongkang expressed for hopes to the public security authorities and the police:

1. That they be steadfast in their ideals and beliefs, and forever preserve their political qualities, deepen the development of political and legal core values in their actions and activities, adhere to the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, maintain the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, maintain the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, firmly establish a concept of socialist rule by law, that they be  unswerving builders and defenders of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
2. [more practical, work-related aspects, plus being close friends of the masses ... .] That they sing and sound (唱响) the People’s Police for the People theme, give their best in working practically for the people, solve problems, do good things, and deepen interaction on good terms.
3. That they [keep holding] the Three Assessment Activities (“三访三评” 活动), deepen their understanding of the problems of the masses, build harmonious police-to-people relations while solving mass difficulties, win the trust and support of the masses in the process of safeguarding their rights and interests, and that they continuously improve public credibility and the masses’ degree of satisfaction.
4. That they  maintain their determination for reform and innovation, constantly promote the development and progress of public security work. That they firmly establish a people-oriented (以人为本) concept that puts service first that carries out action and prevention in a coordinated manner and that puts prevention first. That they consolidate the foundations, focus on long-term concepts, progressively improve and perfect work mechanisms, that they guide police work in accordance with the will of the people, guarantee police work by systematic standards, by effective prevention and control, precise action, scientific management and modern technology improve police work, and that they constantly improve the scientification of police work.

周永康向公安机关和公安民警提出4点希望：一要坚定理想信念，永葆政治本色。深入开展政法干警核心价值观教育实践活动，坚持中国特色社会主义道路，坚持中国特色社会主义理论体系，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，牢固树立社会主义法治理念，坚定不移地做中国特色社会主义事业的建设者、捍卫者。二要增强大局意识，忠实履行各项法定职责。主动服务第一要务，认真落实第一责任，依法打击各类违法犯罪活动，切实解决群众反映强烈的突出治安问题，加强和改进人口、治安、交通、消防、出入境等公安行政管理工作，积极探索对流动人口、特殊人群、信息网络、“两新”组织服务管理的新路子，促进经济社会又好又快发展。三要坚持执法为民，永远做人民群众的贴心人。唱响“人民公安为人民”的主旋律，尽心竭力为群众办实事、解难事、做好事，深化大接访、大走访和“三访三评”活动，在体察群众疾苦中加深对人民的感情，在解决群众困难中构建和谐警民关系，在维护群众权益中赢得人民的信任支持，不断提高公安机关的公信力和人民群众的满意度。四要锐意改革创新，不断推动公安工作发展进步。牢固树立以人为本、服务为先的理念，打防结合、预防为主的理念，固本强基、注重长远的理念，进一步改革完善警务工作机制，以民意引导警务，以制度规范保障警务，以有效防控、精确打击、科学管理和现代科技手段提升警务，不断提高公安工作的科学化水平。

Zhou Yongkang demanded that party committees and governments at all levels strengthen their leadership of police work under the new situation, to support the public security organs in their performance in strict accordance with the law, to coordinate solutions of problems and difficulties timely, to conscientiously implement the political building of the police, to administrate police seriously, to manage the police forces well by  taking steps in all fields of preferential treatment of police policies, by building and making good use of the police, and to conscientously shoulder the major policies in the areas of maintaining stability and of safeguarding the peace.
周永康要求各级党委、政府加强对新形势下公安工作的领导，支持公安机关严格依法履行职责，及时协调解决遇到的困难和问题，认真落实政治建警、从严治警、从优待警的各项政策措施，建设好、使用好、管理好公安队伍，切实担负起维护一方稳定、确保一方平安的重大政治责任。

General Office of the CCP director, State Council Secretary and State Councillor Ma Kai attended the meeting.  State Councillor and Minister of Public Security Meng Jianzhu^*) attended and presided the meeting.
中共中央书记处书记、中央办公厅主任令计划，国务委员、国务院秘书长马凯参加会见。国务委员、公安部部长孟建柱参加会见并主持大会。

The award decisions were announced, and National Police Collective Heroic Model Awards were given. Hebei Provincial Highway Traffic Police (Baoding Detachment detachment heads Jian Zhuozhou and Gu Huaigang, Hubei Province Wuhan City Public Security Bureau Hanyang Divisional office Zhoutou Street local police station deputy chief Wang Qun, Gansu Province Lanzhou City Public Security Bureau criminal police’s Zhang Jingang and other spoke on behalf of the prize winners [i. e. prize-winning collectives] and took the prizes.
会上宣读了表彰决定，并向受到表彰的全国公安系统英雄模范和立功集体颁奖。河北省公安厅高速公路交警总队保定支队副支队长兼涿州大队大队长古怀岗、湖北省武汉市公安局汉阳分局洲头街派出所副所长王群、甘肃省兰州市公安局刑警支队一大队大队长张金刚等代表获奖者发言。

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Note

^*) A number of reports have recently suggested that Meng Jianzhu had effectively taken control of what had previously been Zhou Yongkang‘s central responsibilities. However, it should be noted that Zhou Yongkang’s downfall has been anticipated in the foreign press for many weeks, and the sources seem to be anonymous, for obvious reasons. Without official confirmation, or with obvious shifts in “public-security” policies, I don’t see a lot of evidence for Zhou “falling from power”, but it might be plausible that he wouldn’t involved in investigating the cases of Bo Xilai and Gu Kailai. That alone, if true, would suggest quite a loss of control, and possibly the beginning of the end to his career.

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Related

» Social Management, Febr 21, 2011

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Bo Xilai planned the Third World War

OK, maybe not. But he (or Wang Lijun, or whoever) wiretapped everyone, up to the collective leader Hu Jintao himself, “nearly half a dozen” (i. e. 5.9, I guess?) CCP officials people with party ties claim, as quoted by the New York Times. And the British government is soooo happy that the rule of law applies in China, and that the Heywood case is re-investigated. OK, not quite that, either – he welcomes Neil Heywood death investigation.

My theory is that Bo Xilai shagged Sarah Palin, conspired with the Nazis on the dark side of the moon, and that they will soon abduct him so that he can’t reveal their schemes.

We will never see Bo Xilai again. That’s almost for sure.

Update - Update - Update: JR Intelligence Unit spotted Bo in Syria in what appears to be an extraordinary rendition arrangement between Beijing and Damascus.

Weekender: North Korea in the International Media

North Korean troops conducted live-fire drills on the south-eastern coast near South Korea, earlier this week. North Korean troops brandished weapons given to them by new leader Kim Jong Un, Associated Press reported.

Indeed, the respected leader left many guns as souvenirs after inspection tours, as Voice of Korea reported on March 4, and wouldn’t leave any unit behind without some practical advice either, concerning a barber shop, for example:

Sitting on the beds of soldiers without ceremony, he praised that heating conditions have been ensured well, to live warmly in cold winter, too. At the barber’s, he [...] that mirrors should be installed not only in the front, but also in the back and both sides, so that they can see if their haircut is good or not.
[Update, December 23, 2012: soundfile now removed. Please contact me by email or comment if you are interested in the soundfile - JR Former link: soundcloud.com/jr_s-soundfiles/vo-korea-20120304]

Chinese media show some guns being brandished on high-resolution military-exercise photos, and some of those may indeed come from the hands of the respected leader:

Colt Government, mirrors your haircut (click photo)

In its weekly “Last Week in East Asia” (东亚过去一周时事回顾) program a week ago, IRIB Tehran‘s Chinese service noted that North Korea had condemned U.S.-South Korean military exercises on February 27 as an “unspoken declaration of war”, and that the DPRK Defense Commission had referred to the southern exercise as an inexcusable war of nerves (精神战). That U.S.-South Korean plot would, however, be eliminated by the DPRK’s people and army, by means of a particular war (特殊战争)^*).

Apart from their military exercise [of February 27], America and South Korea also announced an exercise for the month of March. To North Korea, these exercises indicate America’s long-term hostile policies on the Korean peninsula.

On February 29, [North Korea] took a position which led to unexpected change. North Korea announced that it would stop nuclear testing, launchings of long-range missiles, and uranium enrichment activities. The North Korean foreign minister announced these positions on the afternoon of February 29. Pyongyang [also] immediately allowed IAEA inspectors to inspect the country’s nuclear-enrichment activities. [...] This, of course, satisfied America. Washington decided to provide North Korea with 240,000 tons of grain.

美国和韩国除了执行此次军演外，还宣布在三月份举行另一场军演。这些演习对于朝鲜来说意味着美国在朝鲜半岛长期的敌视政策。

2月29日，朝鲜局势变化进程和该国采取的立场发生了令人难以预料的变化。朝鲜宣布：该国将停止核试验、发射远程导弹以及进行铀浓缩活动。朝鲜外相2月29日下午宣布了这些立场。随即，平壤将允许国际原子能机构核查人员检查该国的铀浓缩活动。朝鲜的这些政策是在朝鲜副外相在北京与美国代表会晤之后做出的。朝鲜现在还没有宣布停止上述活动的确切时间。 [.....] 此后，华盛顿和平壤就此方面达成共识，华盛顿也决定向朝鲜提供24万吨粮食。

Then six days ago, there came this bomb shell: headlined Iran allegedly tested atomic bomb in North Korea, Hans Rühle explained in an article for German  weekly Die Welt (or their Sunday edition) how, well, the allegation could make sense.

Be very afraid, Dear Reader (click picture for “Die Welt” article in German)

Whenever Rühle, a former leading bureaucrat at Germany’s defense ministry, provides detailed data and information, I’m glad if there is most probably someone else on the world-wide web who will translate that stuff into English – or give an account of the gist of it – before I have to. Adam Cathcart did that right away, still on March 4, on the Sino-NK website. Given that he’s not so familiar with Die Welt, and geographically more distant, too, the revulsion threshold he has to overcome to translate that kind of stuff is probably somewhat lower than mine, and I can just keep reading Huanqiu Shibao (Global Times, but not the English-language one), another produce of global quality journalism from another neck of the globe, and sufficiently foreign to me to get some bizarre enjoyment out of translating it.

I had the opportunity to reciprocate, though, in providing my concise, even if possibly somewhat subjective, views of who Rühle is, and what Die Welt is, in another Sino-NK thread:

Hans Rühle, member of the Christian Democratic Party (CDU), until he left, reportedly out of anger for not being promoted within the defense ministry (which has been attributed to a ruse by Helmut Kohl against Rühle). A sober member of the military-industrial complex he is (otherwise), and a classical pre-unification German apparatchick.

Die Welt, without saying so, seems to subscribe to a concept of a muscular liberalism – but not only at home. They used to be explicitly conservative in the past, but have become somewhat more flexible during the past decade (or even longer), so as not to embarrass the yuppies they’ve discerned as a crucial target group. I suppose Rühle writes there, because this helps the paper to suggest that they have background information to offer. I tend to agree with many things Die Welt writes about domestic politics (an over-emphasized ecological “awareness”, for example), and to disagree with the ideology which seems to define their coverage of international politics. If you are looking for Wilhelministic heritage in Germany (in style only, after all, our allies have changed since), their foreign-affairs editorial department may be a good place to start with.

An exception, and probably not the only one, would be Jonny Erling, their China correspondent. He either knows a lot about the country, or he’s successfully judgmental when deciding to whom in China he should talk and listen, on any day.

The Sino-NK post contains both useful English-language links, and a translation of some of the Rühle’s article.

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Note

^*) Not sure if particular war is the correct translation, or if it should rather be special warfare, for example, but some of the North’s guns did look particular.

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Related

» Why are Mass Media losing Relevance, Febr 26, 2009
» Asshole in a Wall Closet, Volker Pispers/Youtube, 2004

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German Press Review: Wikileaks’ Leakage

Wikileaks‘ reputation is now quite probably tarnished – not only among those who never believed that it would work in the way its founder or co-founder Julian Assange asserted it would, anyway, but also among some of the public who so far admired the whistle-blowing platform, and among those who may have considered feeding Wikileaks with new confidential documents now or in the future.

To which extent Wikileaks – or online whistleblowing more in general – have lost credit among those who previously liked the concept, now that an unknown number of documents are publicly disclosed unredacted (i. e. without removing names of people from the classified documents who may otherwise face threats for being uncovered) is hard to tell. Experience would suggest that many Wikileaks fans will simply follow Assange’s example and exclusively blame  the mess on the Guardian (one of the papers who cooperated with Wikileaks and redacted the files before publication in the past) for the publication of the encrypted files’ password.

Among the German media, the extent to which they see Wikileaks damaged varies from paper to paper. Die Welt, conservative, tries to contain itself, and quotes U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland, as previously quoted by the New York Times:

We continue to carefully monitor what becomes public and to take steps to mitigate the damage to national security and to assist those who may be harmed by these illegal disclosures to the extent that we can.

Wikileaks, too, writes Die Welt,

understands that it isn’t worth it. A human life weighs more heavily than the elucidation of real or supposed grievances.

Do they?

Die Welt wasn’t among the mainstream media partners who cooperated with Wikileaks. Der Freitag, a not-so-mainstream paper from the left, however, had become an Openleaks partner – the platform founded by Daniel Domscheit-Berg, a German national who had fallen out with Assange. According to Die Welt, Der Freitag reported Wikileaks’ passport leak last week. A cooperation partner of Openleaks, or Openleaks itself, may therefore be responsible for now general knowledge of the Guardian disclosure, which had spread privately over several months, reached critical mass last week -  “critical mass” being the wording used in a statement Wikileaks e-mailed to reporters on Thursday.

According to the Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Wikileaks have now put all their remaining files or “cables”, a total of 251,287,  online – neither edited by themselves, nor by a cooperation partner. [This number may refer to the encrypted, or to intentionally published files. The Wall Street Journal reported this Friday that "in recent days, as German media reported that the full set of unredacted cables was online outside of WikiLeaks' control, WikiLeaks scrambled to publish more than 100,000 of its previously unreleased cables", and that "some of the newly released cables reportedly contained the names of confidential informants"]. Either way,

This could mean that informants and activists in dictatorships and war zones become endangered, as now, intelligence services and warring parties can read the data, too,

muses Andrian Kreye of the Sueddeutsche Zeitung, but adds that even Dinah PoKempner, a solicitor with Human Rights Watch (HRW) isn’t aware of people having been arrested or gotten into harms way for having been mentioned in the cables. Rather, in Tunesia or Egypt, the revelations had played an important role for the protest movements.

Either way, suggests Kreye, Wikileaks had lately relied on nothing but on data Bradley Manning had passed on to them. Those files were all public now – and Wikileaks hadn’t received any new files since. One reason could be that the platform doesn’t work any more, and anonymity was therefore technically unfeasible now, writes Kreye.

Even if Assange’s allegations against the Guardian are true, Wikileaks could have chosen a safer way of passing the files on to their cooperation partners, and could – and probably should – have deleted the unedited file immediately after download by the Guardian and other partners, suggests Johannes Kuhn, another Sueddeutsche journalist. Both Assange and the Guardian’s David Leigh (the latter mentioned the complete password publicly) should face questions.

And despite PoKempner’s suggestion that no informants are known to have been harmed so far, worries about the safety of those mentioned in the files still aren’t unjustified. On August 19, Assange had phoned Der Freitag’s (i. e. Domscheit Berg’s partner publication) publisher Jakob Augstein. Assange feared for the safety of informants, Der Freitag reported on August 25.  Augstein assured him that his paper wouldn’t publish information which could endanger informants of the American government.

Now, out of control when it comes to the daily whistle-blowing routine, Assange is back to explaining the world to the world.

“Media organizations that proudly tell the public that they seek the truth are liars,”

he told an audience in Sao Paulo, through a video link from England on Thursday, and:

“In our negotiations with The New York Times and The Guardian, we constantly saw the difference between what the population wants and the angles that are chosen by media groups. The population is much less conservative.”

Maybe some “conservatism” at Wikileaks wouldn’t have hurt.

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Related

» Through the Course of his Work, May 9, 2011
» Why Wikileaks can’t Work, December 1, 2010
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Tsai Ing-wen’s Campaign Office hacked, Xinhua too Impartial to be the Source

Tsai Ing-wen‘s election campaign office suffered a hacking attack, Yahoo Taiwan   reported on Tuesday. Tsai is both the oppositional DPP’s chairperson, and its presidential nominee for Taiwan’s presidential and Legislative-Yuan elections scheduled in January.

According to an account of the Yahoo report in English by Echo Taiwan, the hacks came with a Trojan horse, aiming at info stealing, not at damaging data.

[Tsai's] office holds all the info regarding how the DPP had planned and is planning to campaign for the president and legislator elections early next year, including how to deploy the resources, who is gonna take charge of what, etc.

Reportedly, IP trackings suggest that the hacks originated from China’s Xinhua News Agency, individual hackers, and from some “special group” in Taiwan. Xinhua denies involvement.

“As a news service provider, we have an impartial and objective stance on the election of the Taiwan region, and we will never interfere in the matter”, China Daily quoted a Xinhua spokesman.

Incumbent President Ma Ying-jeou’s campaign office also confirmed having suffered recent hacking attacks, although it did not reveal details or whether any information was leaked,

reports AsiaOne.

As for the suspected identity of the hackers, the campaign office said time constraints prevented them from looking into the high number of hacking activities, and to chase after each case would be futile.

An AFP report tiptoes toward the cui-bono question: “Observers say China would prefer Ma to win instead of DPP chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen”.

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Vocabulary

• Taiwan’s translation for hacker: 駭客 (hài kè) 駭 is an exclamation or sigh expressing shock; ke stands for “guest” (shocking guest).
• China’s translation for hacker: 黑客 (hēi kè) means “black guest”.

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Related

» Malware Networks, Cooperation Appreciated, April 6, 2010

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Taiwan: Just another Day in the KMT Archives

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Special Investigation: Another Day in the KMT Archives

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Related

» Who’s Afraid of an Independent Commission against Corruption, July 2, 2011

» Detective Li, June 30, 2010

It’s just Network Security Training

China’s military has set up an elite Internet security task force tasked with fending off cyberattacks, state media reported on Friday, denying that the initiative is intended to create a “hacker army”,

reports AFP, via Channel Asia (Singapore).

If this information, given by China’s defense ministry spokesman Geng Yansheng, will indeed ring alarm bells around the world among governments and businesses wary of Beijing’s intentions is a different question. Geng actually confirmed what has been common wisdom for several years, even if Beijing now added an official story to it.

Foreign expertise would be welcome, too, People’s Daily‘s English edition quotes Geng.

According to Guy-Philippe Goldstein, a novelist and a strategy consultant, cyber war will amount to destabilizing innovation in warfare. Goldstein offered some history of such innovation, too, in an article for the Süddeutsche Zeitung (Munich), in 2009. He also named the – few – countries that in his view have the potential to get in on cyber warfare.

Singapore’s Morning News (联合早报) special correspondent Zhang Xiaozhong wrote an article on hacker schools in China, also in 2009. Zhang suggested that while there was a variety of motivations to become a skilled hacker, it wasn’t every Chinese hacker’s goal to pursue a military career, or to use hacking as a toll in political activism. On the other hand, Zhang’s description of the scene in China would indeed suggest that the military forces had an exceptionally deep talent pool to draw from at its disposal, when it built the team whose existence Geng confirmed on Friday.

The Chinese hacking “industry” is highly ambivalent in the way it presents itself, and in the way it wants to be seen.

In general, hacking schools don’t like to be referred to as hacking schools,

Zhang wrote.

A hackers base security adviser, Wang Xianbing (王献冰), had previously told a paper quoted by Zhang that “we are a network security training school”.